To improve your eating habits this year, you don't need to count calories or carbs. Instead, focus on how much your food has been processed before it gets to your dinner table.
If you're like most people, you eat a lot of ultra-processed foods and don't even realise it.
Many of these foods - protein and granola bars, low-fat yoghurts and breakfast cereals - sound like healthful choices.
But ultra-processed foods are formulations of industrial ingredients that are designed by manufacturers to achieve a certain "bliss point," which causes us to crave and overeat them.
Ultra-processed foods make up a majority of the calories most people consume, and scientists say they are a driving force behind the multiple diet-related illnesses that are shortening our life spans.
"Empowering yourself with the knowledge of what you're about to eat or what you're about to feed your family is critical," said Nicole Avena, a visiting professor of health psychology at Princeton University.
So how can you free yourself from the grip of ultra-processed foods?
Start by reading the labels on the foods in your fridge, pantry and the grocery aisle.
Here is a simple guide to help you spot nine red flags that signal a food probably is ultra-processed.
1. More than three ingredients
Many ultra-processed foods have long lists of ingredients that can sound like a high school chemistry experiment. If you like bread, for instance, choose a brand that contains only simple ingredients, such as wheat flour, barley flour, sourdough starter, salt, nuts or raisins.
Many ultra-processed breads contain sugar, vegetables oil, artificial sweeteners, and multiple preservatives, emulsifiers and shelf-life extenders such as sorbic acid, calcium propionate, datem, and monoglycerides.
"You can still buy the foods you want," said Stephen Devries, an adjunct associate professor of nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the executive director of the educational non-profit Gaples Institute. "But you should find the least-altered version of those foods with the fewest ingredients possible."
2. Thickeners, stabilisers or emulsifiers
Look for ingredients such as soy lecithin, guar gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, mono- and diglycerides, or carboxymethylcellulose. Ultra-processed foods often contain dyes to make them look appealing, preservatives to give them a long shelf life, and thickeners, stabilizers and emulsifiers to improve their texture or to keep their ingredients from separating as they sit on store shelves for weeks or months at a time.
3. Added sugars and sweeteners
Try to avoid foods with corn syrup, cane sugar, malt syrup or molasses on the label. If you want extra sweetness, add your own sugar or honey.
"Most people would add less honey or sugar than you will find in the packaged versions," said Devries. "That's much healthier than relying on the yoghurt company to determine how much sugar or honey or additives you should eat."
4. Ingredients that end in '-ose'
Examine the label for sucrose, maltose, dextrose, fructose or glucose. These are other names for added sugars.
5. Artificial or 'fake' sugars
Look for aspartame, sucralose, acesulfame-k, saccharin or stevia. Sweeteners and artificial flavours are another hallmark of ultra-processed foods.
Sugar and sweeteners often are added "to mask the off-putting taste from the preservatives and other ingredients that are added in," said Avena, author of the new book "Sugarless."
Many store-bought English muffins, for instance, contain an array of emulsifiers, preservatives and sweeteners. But you wouldn't know that unless you looked at the ingredients. "They don't taste sweet and yet they have added sugar," said Avena.
6. Health claims
Ultra-processed foods often have buzzy marketing claims on their packages. Many products that are marketed as nutritious are actually laden with sweeteners and other additives.
These products include breakfast cereals, granola, flavoured yoghurt, snack bars, salad dressings and canned soups.
7. Low-sugar promises
Does the label say that the product is low in added sugar? That can be a red flag, because manufacturers often replace the added sugar in their products with artificial sweeteners.
8. Instant foods
"When it's instant, it's usually mechanically altered in a way that degrades it," said Devries. If you like oatmeal for breakfast, buy the product that has only oats in it and nothing else.
9. Flavoured varieties
Don't be tempted by foods offered in a variety of fruity or other flavours. If you like fruit-flavoured yoghurt, buy plain yoghurt and add your own fresh fruit.
Many fruit-flavoured yoghurt contain not just fruit but several other additives such as cane sugar, cornstarch, "natural u" and juice concentrates. Yoghurt should have just two ingredients: Milk and cultures (i.e. probiotics).
10. Could you make it in your kitchen?
When in doubt, look at the ingredient label and ask yourself whether you could make it at home. Ultra-processed foods contain additives that are not typically used in home kitchens.
They are often transformed into textures and shapes not found in nature - things like frosted cereals, doughnuts, hot dogs and chicken nuggets.
To be sure, you don't have to avoid all processed foods. Instead, think of food processing as a spectrum, ranging from minimally processed foods all the way to ultra-processed foods.
Minimally processed foods come from plants or animals with minimal alteration. Think whole grains, vegetables, eggs, milk and meat. Processed culinary ingredients are used to cook and season food in homes and restaurants. They include butter, sugar, spices, salt, and olive oil.
Processed foods include items such as canned vegetables, bacon, cheeses, smoked fish, canned tuna, and freshly made bread.
Most processed foods are things you can make in your own kitchen. They typically contain two or three ingredients, but they're still recognisable as versions of things found in nature.
Some examples would be a jar of unsweetened apple sauce, tofu, hummus, tomato sauce, and frozen fruits and vegetables.
Most ultra-processed foods are found in the middle aisles of a grocery store. Shop the perimeter where stores stock fresh, whole foods, said Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, a professor at Northeastern University and a lecturer at Harvard Medical School who studies ultra-processed foods. "Most of the foods that are fresh are good for you," he said.
If you choose to buy ultra-processed foods, avoid "family size" and choose single-serving items. Large packages are designed to make you overeat, said Marion Nestle, an emeritus professor of nutrition, food studies, and public health at New York University and the author of "Soda Politics." "If you can't stop eating from big packages, don't buy them," she added.